Purpose Essay Free Essays

Reason Essay The reason I feel energetic about is helping youth who battle with psychological sickness. I’ve picked this since I realize how troublesome life can be the point at which one needs to manage these difficulties consistently; for my situation that is Social Anxiety and COD. The manner in which Social Anxiety has influenced my life is that it has made it hard to have associations with family and friends. We will compose a custom exposition test on Reason Essay or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now I don’t partake in exercises that I would have in any case been associated with and simply by and large it shields me from needing to be out on the planet. COD has adjusted my life to where life is unyielding. I mean I feel constrained to follow certain schedules each day and continually stress over various things. As indicated by the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAME), â€Å"mental clutters in youngsters and teenagers are genuine and can be adequately rewarded, particularly when distinguished and rewarded early. â€Å"(l) â€Å"Nonetheless, the ventilating larger part of youngsters with mental scatters neglect to be recognized, need access to treatment or supports and in this way have a lower personal satisfaction. Shame endures and a large number of youngsters in this nation are deserted. â€Å"(2) Through my examination I have figured out how genuine the outcomes can be for youngsters who don't get treatment. The most genuine results can be â€Å"suicide, school disappointment and adolescent and criminal Because of my own affliction and that of other youngsters and teenagers, might want to have any kind of effect in the lives of the individuals who have been affected by dysfunctional behavior by beginning a mass, where they can share their sentiments about their fights, so that hello won’t feel so alone. Likewise, by expounding on their lives and recounting to their accounts, ideally it will exhort youngsters who don’t have a dysfunctional behavior about what the individuals who do experience. My mass would highlight grown-ups who have managed emotional wellness challenges when they were more youthful, and in their own words, how they defeated them. What's more, I would remember proposals for understudies for how they can bolster their companions who have a dysfunctional behavior. At long last, would add assets like connects to sites to go for mineral data on psychological well-being associations, suppliers, peer gatherings, and so on. Step by step instructions to refer to Purpose Essay, Essays

Lack of Water in Zambia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Absence of Water in Zambia - Essay Example Further, a large portion of the exercises that man has embraced expect water to the degree that water may frame a piece of the vitality creation through power. Be that as it may, the more extensive idea stays on whether a greater part of the total populace approaches clean water instead of water for some other assigned reason. Despite what might be expected, financial investigators have predicted water turning into the following looked for after product after oil because of shortage particularly in parched regions of the world. Basically, a bone-dry land locale is one described by extreme water deficiencies that will in general encourage moderate turn of events and supporting of plant spread or creature life. Probably, they are generally desert zones that encompass the equator and regularly present in Africa. In this manner, the motivation behind this report will dig on the appraisal of down to earth methods for giving clean water to parched areas like Zambia. 2. Ebb and flow circums tance in Zambia By 2010, a stunning 61% of the Zambian populace had advantaged access to improved water gracefully sources while 48% of a similar populace approached clean choices. Further, the difficulties in water flexibly and get to would in general differ contingent upon whether the populace was in a urban setting or whether in provincial spots (Mc Intyre, 2012: 90). For example, an UN study showed that in any event 87% of the urban pilgrim approached water while just 48% of those living in rustic settings approached the equivalent. Also, access to water in the Zambian urban populace shows that 41% had running water or house association while a huge 49% got to water through water stands or sellers. After some time, the quantity of those getting to water through water stands has been on a consistent increment pattern while that of those appreciating house associations has been falling. Notwithstanding, the Zambian gathering for water and sanitation demand that the nation has acco mplished water arrangement as a thousand years improvement center, yet sanitation has demonstrated slippery (Mutale, 2004). The same number of would state, absence of clean drinking water presents various critical ramifications that are for the most part social particularly for ladies and young ladies, a circumstance that is the same in Zambia. Thus, this raises the destitution levels inside Zambia. 3. Outcomes of water deficiencies in Zambia Annual precipitation levels in Zambia The chart above show the impact of level of class participation during the time because of water lack Arguably, the declining precipitation in the Zambian republic shapes the essential explanation with regards to why the nation has kept on encountering water shortage. Two association reverberation this notion, which are the System Network for Famine Early Warning and the world bank where they demand that the pattern is stressing. Besides, Zambia is a country that has no entrance to the ocean henceforth rend ering this state as a landlocked nation in the South African district. These two components have encouraged the country to have food instability as their administration may not guarantee the more than thirteen million Zambians with sufficient food. As per water help association present in Zambia, for each three individuals, two have no entrance to clean water nor sanitation offices. Thusly, this has impacted the death rates for kids inside this nation to be at a disturbing ten thousand youngsters yearly. In a perfect world, the youngsters will in general experience the ill effects of looseness of the bowels and other sanitation related maladies like cholera, bilharzia among numerous others (Waters, 2008). These sicknesses will in general be water borne and treatable yet access to quality medicinal services encourages an expansion in the death rates. Consecutively, kids and newborn children become prime casualties of these

Show Intellectual Vitality to Get into Stanford GSB [Video]

Are you vying for a spot at one of America’s most elite business schools? Well then you need to understand what Stanford GSB’s admissions criteria of â€Å"Intellectual Vitality† is and how you can demonstrate it to the admissions committee. View this short video for more information. Full video transcript You’re applying to Stanford and you’re worried about that enigmatic â€Å"Intellectual Vitality† part of the Stanford admissions criteria. You’d love to go to Stanford! Let’s explore what intellectual vitality is and how to show it in your application. Applying to Stanford is tough. It is one of the most prestigious universities in the world, and its MBA program has the lowest acceptance rate and highest average GMAT and GPA of any U.S. MBA program. Its particularly difficult to show that you meet its stated criteria, and â€Å"Intellectual Vitality is one of the stated criteria for both Stanford undergrad and Stanford GSB admissions. Competition is intense and you are understandably worried about the possibility of rejection and stressed by work, school, volunteer commitments, and of course application demands. You certainly don’t want all your years of striving to go to naught because of that obscure phrase â€Å"intellectual vitality.† We here at Accepted understand how hard it is to gain acceptance to Stanford because we’ve been helping applicants to do so for the last 20+ years. Here is feedback from one of our accepted Stanford MBA clients whom we helped to show intellectual vitality: I got accepted from Stanford last night. Even as I wonder which one I want more between Stanford and Wharton, this is a dream come true. I am not a great writer, and so Ill keep this short for the fear of ruining it. Thank you. I dont have any new words to express the gratitude that is filling in my heart. I hope all your other candidates find wings to their dreams. Understanding Stanfords Intellectual Vitality Criterion Before diving into demonstrating this quality, let’s first ask: What is â€Å"intellectual vitality†? Its more than test scores and high grades, although they are certainly elements that Stanford values. It means curiosity and a zest for ideas. But the ideas arent just ideas that sit lifeless in your head or merely topics for debate, no matter how lively. They motivate and compel you to act. So the ideas lead to dynamism and yes, vitality. Demonstrating Intellectual Vitality in Your Stanford MBA Application OK. So how can you demonstrate it? Follow these 5 steps: 1. Write down for yourself several examples of your curiosity – of it leading to discovery and propelling you to act. 2. Select one or two to write about in your essays. 3. If possible, highlight the other examples in other parts of the application, like your CV. 4. Ask your recommenders to write about this quality and perhaps remind them of incidents from their experience with you that reflect intellectual vitality. 5. Review your notes before you interview so that you can have all the examples fresh in your mind during your interview. That’s the overview. For more on intellectual vitality and a lot more in-depth advice on getting into Stanford GSB, here’s what I’d like you to do: 1. Go to accepted.com/GSBwebinar. 2. Watch the webinar. 3. Show your Intellectual vitality as well as the other qualities necessary for acceptance to Stanford in your application. Follow these steps to go from confusion to clarity, stress and anxiety to confidence, that you are presenting the best of your intellectual vitality in your Stanford application. For one-on-one guidance for your business school application, check out Accepted’s MBA Admissions Services – get matched with your personal advisor, sharpen your competitive edge, and get ACCEPTED to your top choice b-school! For 25 years, Accepted has helped business school applicants gain acceptance to top programs. Our outstanding team of MBA admissions consultants features former business school admissions directors and professional writers who have guided our clients to admission at top MBA, EMBA, and other graduate business programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Wharton, Booth, INSEAD, London Business School, and many more.  Want an MBA admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Fitting In and Standing Out: The Paradox at the Heart of Admissions, a free guide †¢Ã‚  Stanford GSB MBA Application Tips Deadlines †¢ Understanding Stanford GSB’s Take on Demonstrated Leadership Potential

The Rights Of Voting And The Fourteenth Amendment

When the Supreme Court intervened in the case of Bush v. Gore, they violated the Equal Protection Clause and changed the way we look at democracy.] There is presumably no other case that better paints a picture of the injustice the Supreme Court caused during the 2000 presidential election. Voting in America has developed throughout history. Originally, the Constitution did not specifically define who had the right to vote until the 14th and 15th Amendment in which specified, â€Å"the right of citizens of the United States to vote.† The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United states,† including all African Americans. It also refuses to â€Å"deny to any person within its jurisdiction on the equal†¦show more content†¦The law in Florida declares that for counties to approve their election entries has to be submitted within a week of the election. So long as the counties could justify why their entries were late , they could be accepted. On the deadline of November 14, only Volusia had finished their manual recount while the other counties remained working. Each county presented justified reasonings as to why they were late given the circumstances, though Katherine Harris, the Florida Secretary of State declared none of the written statements justified being late. On November 18th, 2000 Harris announced George Bush as the winner in the state of Florida. Various court decisions had been made about the Presidential Election in Florida, and the Florida Supreme Court 4-3 demanded a statewide recount. On December 9th, 2000 the United States Supreme Court voted a 5-4 stay on the Florida recount. The Supreme Court violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, stating â€Å"Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors..† (Article II,  § 1, clause 2) The Equal Protection Clause requires that voting rights will no t be infringed by protecting the act of voting or with unfair and unequal treatment after the votes have been cast. Because of this, the court felt the 14th Amendment was being violated when their was no structural way to determine voting decisions on a ballot. The Supreme Court stated it would be impossibleShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifthteenth Amendendments1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments of The United States Constitution were important for implementing a total reconstruction of America and the blessings of of liberty to everyone that lived within the borders or our country. These ideas of equality would be reached out to the entire population including but not limited to slaves and their descendants and all American Citizens. These Amendments were especially important to African Americans and minorities who were the main victimsRead MoreThe Segregation Of Public Education1327 Words   |  6 Pa gesother tangible factors may be equal, violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Because this was a similar, if not the same, issue presented in Plessy, stare decisis should have been applied to reach a different result. In the opinion, the Court carefully articulated the steps it took to reach its conclusion that the Framer’s intent analysis was insufficient to decide the issue presented. The Court stated that the legislative history of the Fourteenth Amendment yields little guidance with respect to its intendedRead MoreThe Rights Of The United States1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthe responsibilities and rights given to every individual. Throughout generations, The United States have welcomed new immigrants from all over the world and they have helped shape and define the country what we see today. All American citizens share equal rights which are right to vote, prompt, worship, be employed, and much more. The principal of â€Å"due process of law† protects these rights for all Americans, established through the Fifth and Fourteenth Constitution Amendments. In other words, by theRead MoreEssay on Success of Reconstruction777 Words   |  4 Pagesthis time, the Confederate states were r eadmitted to the Union, the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments were ratified, and African Americans were freed from slavery and able to start new lives. One of the first goals of Reconstruction was to readmit the Confederate states into the Union, and during the debate in Congress over how to readmit the states, the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments were ratified. The United States had three different presidents between 1865Read MoreAmendments846 Words   |  4 PagesThe Thirteenth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, and Fifteenth Amendment all have had a major impact on the United States of America from the beginning. These three amendments have changed our country immensely for the better. The Thirteenth Amendment officially abolished slavery, and is still illegal till this day. The Fourteenth Amendment stated that if you were born in the United States of America you were officially an American citizen no matter race. The Fifteenth Amendment banned each governmentRead More The Fourteenth Amendment Essay764 Words   |  4 Pages On a date that will be remembered forever as a step forward for our nation, July 28, 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment gave a new sense of hope and inspiration to a once oppressed people. It was conceived to be the foundation for restoring America to its great status and prosperity. The Amendment allowed â€Å"equal protection under the law†, no matter what race, religion, sex, sexual preference or social status. It was designed to protectRead MoreShould Felons Be Allowed to Vote? Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagespermanently restrict felons from voting while Vermont and Maine allow felons to vote while in prison. Proponents of felon re-enfranchisement believe felons who have paid their debt to society by completing their sentences should have all of their rights and privileges restored. They argue that efforts to block ex-felons from voting are unfair, undemocratic, and politically or racially motivated. Opponents of fe lon voting say the restrictions are consistent with other voting limitations such as age, residencyRead MoreChallenges Of Radical Reconstruction748 Words   |  3 Pagesequality, provide for their civil and political rights, such as voting, and provide suitable land they could own. This period after the Civil War would become known as Radical Reconstruction. During the Radical Reconstruction era, 1865 to 1877 and after, numerous forces prevented the federal government from delivering freedom and equality to African Americans. Even though Radical Reconstructionist sought for the civil, political, and land ownership rights for freed African American slaves, they wereRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights851 Words   |  4 Pagesliberties and civil rights are very commonly used statements, which can be carelessly misused. Both statements are similar to some degree, but do hold different meanings. These statements may seem exactly the same, but by true definitions, the difference between both is unmistakable. Civil liberties are the protections against government actions. Civil rights, however, is positive actions of government should take to create equal conditions for all Americans. Civil liberties are rights for freedom ofRead More The Fourteenth Amendment and Equality Under the Law Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fourteenth Amendment and Equality Under the Law The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in 1868 as one of the longest amendments to the Constitution with five parts in total. The most significant part is section one. In the very first sentence of section one, ? All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, as citizens of the United States and of the state where in they reside? citizenship was universalized. The Amendment was designed to prohibit

Survive by Love, Faith and Will - 1719 Words

At the beginning of the 20th century, anti-Semitism became more serious. Germany began to isolate and eliminate Jews. When the Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, comes to power in 1933, he wanted to set up the perfect Nazi state. The Nazis wanted to stamp out any opposition to their rule, so they set up a system of concentration camps, death camps for holding people that they see as â€Å"undesirable†. Those â€Å"undesirables† were Jews. From 1933 to 1945, about six million Jews are murdered and it is called the Holocaust. The Holocaust is the greatest single case of mass murder in history and is difficult to ignore. After World War II, survivors of the Holocaust told their stories directly or wrote down what happened in the Holocaust. One of the†¦show more content†¦He begins writing to free himself. In short, love is the strongest emotion and it gives people motivation to stay strong. Both Elie and Jakob survive because of the timeless power of love. Faith giv es support people in times of difficulties. Life is full of ups and downs, people cannot change the world but they can hold onto their faith to be able to go through bad times. Elie has been a devout Jew since he childhood pass. He is taught that God is everywhere in the world, and that nothing exists without God. After Elie witnesses how Jews are exterminated to Holocaust brutally by Nazis, he loses confidence in God. â€Å"Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke†¦Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never† (Wiesel 34). This famous quote shows that Elie’s faith is destroyed. He wants to know why a merciful God could just stand by to see those horrible behaviors happen to His pe ople. But soon Elie embrace to his faith because he can not survive without it. â€Å"Behind me, I heard the same man asking: Where is God now? And I heard a voice within me answer him: ... Here He is—He is hanging here on this gallows† (Wiesel 65). When his father is sick, ElieShow MoreRelatedLife of Pi and Castaway Comparative Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesorder for human kind to survive the painfully realistic days of existence, a sort of belief system is direly needed. As shown through Pi Patel from Life of Pi and Chuck Noland from Cast Away, holding onto a belief of something provides one with the determination to survive the worst conditions. Both the novel and the book share the story of two castaways who depend on their belief in something to survive and conquer their respective challenges – Pi Patel who depends on his faith in religion, and ChuckRead MoreLife Of Pi, Let Faith Be Greater Than Fear1005 Words   |  5 PagesPi, Let Faith be greater than Fear The Life of Pi is a book filled with many fantasy adventures that will have an excellent impact on what you may or not believe in. This novel was published in 2001 by author Yann Martel. Yann Martel is a writer who is trying to make sense of life, just like any other human being trying to deal with everyday obstacles. In this book we see that the protagonist, Piscine Molitor also known as Pi takes us through an adventure that will question our faith in religionRead MoreAnalysis Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi1621 Words   |  7 Pagesdays as they came. Surviving the human condition by keeping his faith in God, having prior knowledge of zoology, and by having Richard Parker as a companion and by keeping Pi on his toes. The novel demonstrates that individuals who are not able to complete the journey to adulthood never reach full maturity. During his most challenging and fearful moments, Pi’s faith in God allows him to survive. His will to survive at sea and his faith in God seems to be the main idea in the novel. Left lost in theRead MoreEssay about Night by Elie Wiesel783 Words   |  4 PagesEliezer was dedicated and absolute in his belief of God, but throughout the events of World War II his faith slowly starts to wither away. Eliezers main conflict that governs the story would be sustaining his belief in God. This becomes especially hard throughout the book, as he has to face more and more challenging issues. Moshe the Beadle is the one character that Eliezer learned about his faith from, Moshes teachings frame the conflict that Eliezer faces during the story. One point that Moshe teachesRead MoreThe Night and Fugitive: Two Impressive Books1266 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences reflect a truth which is no matter how harsh the situation is, one tends to overcome all obstacles to obtain a life of fulfillment. The courage can be gained from love, faith and intension of survival. Love is so powerful that itself can push a person to move forward or provide energy for a person to live. Love plays a big role in both works Night and Fugitive Pieces. Elie and Jakob are encouraged by their families. Elie and his father are apart with his mother and two young sistersRead MoreSummary Of The By Yann Martel s 1628 Words   |  7 PagesMaxine Malekmehr 18 December 2014 Dr. Hansen Section 1961 Faith as the Key to Survival Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere.† Some individuals live their lives with strict adherence to logic, while others benefit from the power of imagination. However, both, pragmatism and imagination, contain advantages as well as disadvantages. In Yann Martel’s novel, the story’s protagonist, Piscine Patel, is a religious follower of three religions,Read MoreSymbols in Cast Away1090 Words   |  5 Pagesmeanings that demonstrated his human nature, mainly consisting his drive of survival, faith, hope, and morals, was revealed. I am able to arrive at the conclusion that yes, I do agree with the quote, Cast Away  delivers a strong message of fear,  survival,  faith  and  hope. After Chuck Noland is chucked onto an inhabited island, we as an audience immediately see various symbolisms of hope. As an example, in order to survive, he begins to open the FedEx boxes with high anticipations that they will consistRead MoreNight654 Words   |  3 Pagesall he had to go through could turn his faith, religion, humanity, or beliefs. Before the Nazis took Elie and his family we could notice that Elie was a strong, religious boy who wanted to learn the Cabbala. Moshe the Beadle taught him it, and answered all Elie’s questions. By the point of Elie learning the Cabbala his faith was very strong. Elie compared praying with breathing, it is something so important for him that he does it without thinking. He’s faith in god is unconditional, and he believesRead MoreLife Of Pi By Yann Martel1630 Words   |  7 Pagesstrength to conquer various obstacles through a journey that allow many people to survive. The novel Life of Pi by Yann Martel allows readers to imagine a young boy trying to survive a shipwreck using everything that he learns and experiences. Piscine Patel survives many things such as the lifeboat, dehydration, drowning, starvation and the island. The personality traits of Piscine Patel are what enable him to survive and the three most important character traits he possesses are hope, intell igenceRead MoreThe movie Alive1331 Words   |  6 Pagesaccomplish particular essential needs in order to ensure their physiological and psychological health. The movie Alive is a fascinating story that demonstrates heroism and faith through a team mainly consisted of teenage boys. In addition, this movie emphasizes and displays the perseverance and interminable will to survive and pull through together by manipulating different tools and objects to meet their needs. This remarkable movie provides many examples and insights for the vital needs that

Three Lessons In My Life free essay sample

Number One: Just because a yellow flame is not as hot as a blue one does not mean it won’t burn your finger. Curiosity has always been my best friend and enemy. It has compelled me to act on many dubious wonders, i.e. touching a yellow flame. Despite my parents rendering me â€Å"annoying†, they have always taken pleasure in my quirky questions like â€Å"what if President Kennedy was still alive?† or if lead in pencils is actually made of lead. I’d imagine it to be quite a task to keep up with my nine-year-old inquisitive mind, especially when I bring mosses and crawling creatures into the house encased in jars and plastic so I could study their beauty. For me, curiosity has never been just a phase. Science, art, politics, and the love of Austen and Fitzgerald only skim the surface of interests that serve my quizzical nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Lessons In My Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I still find trouble to answer a question that many of my acquaintances loves to ask, â€Å"What is your hobby?† Number Two: Perseverance is more than the ‘I-think-I-can-I-think-I-can’ effort in hope to conquer a mountain. â€Å"Frog jumps. Five courts. Ten laps. Now!†, my coach demanded. I started jumping across the badminton courts with two feet plummeting hard against the ground while the bulk of my plump dawdled in the air. First lap, done. Legs: shutting down. Lungs: shutting down. I skimmed the hall for my team members. They’re two laps ahead of me. Second lap. I really can’t do this. Where are my legs? I can’t feel my legs!!! Next thing I knew my checks were glued the wooden floor, out of breath, lightheaded and my ego in shambles. I woke up the next morning with legs of mush, irresponsive of my commands to perform my daily routine. I trained arduously in the days that followed until I could leap ten laps and dropped ten kilos. I believe perseverance is the feeling of laboring fruitlessly until one day realizing â€Å"I did it†. Number Three: No trivia or knowledge is too trivial and no adventure is ever a lackluster quest. I have compiled much trivia over my years. Many of those came from adventures I seek intentionally and accidentally, but they have always led to serendipity. Above all, I came to realize that the pursuit of knowledge itself has merits. Though I may not need to cite Oscar Wilde’s biography or play the piano with my eyes closed, the adventures that have led to these masteries will forever define my perception to the world: one infinite enigma awaiting to be discovered.

Pipeline Installation Elements

Introduction Pipeline installations have relied on a number of strategies depending on the location. This article provides a brief description of some of the methods used in pipeline installations. The article reviews the following pipeline installations:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pipeline Installation Elements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pig traps Block valves Offtakes Compressor stations The designs of these pipelines are not standard. Instead, they depend on the location, function of the pipeline relative to fluid for transportation, temperature, and operating pressure. Pipelines have several points of installations to ensure maximum efficiency during transportation of fluids. Pig Traps Pipeline pigging is a method of inspecting and cleaning inner parts of the pipeline using a gadget known as pig. Pig traps are installations used for â€Å"inserting or launching pigs into the pipeline and taking them out or receiving them after a successful run without interrupting the process of fluid flow in the pipeline† (Mohitpour, Szabo and Hardeveld, 2005). A pig trap is like an air lock. The valve separates pig traps from the pipeline. This provides opportunities to depressurise the pipeline in order to insert the pig. Pigs vary in terms of materials and their composition. For instance, there are magnetic flux and air-filled plastic pigs suitable as tools for inspection of leakages. People who use pig traps load and close the trap in order to pressurise the pipeline. However, the main valve trap remains open so that the pressure can direct the fluid when the pig is behind in order to force it into the pipeline. Pigging also has a receiving end where the reverse process takes place. It is imperative to ensure that the pigging system is safe and can withstand extreme temperatures, pressure, and inspection of a pipeline can take place safely. Apart from inspection and cleaning, pi g traps are also suitable for separating fluids under transportation and providing information about the pipeline position and size.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pigging enhance lifetime of pipelines. Inspection and cleaning ensure that debris, wax, and other materials, which cause blockages, do not hinder the transportation of fluids. This enhances efficiency of the pipeline and provides a continuous flow of fluids. Design Christian Cloyde notes that design considerations of pig traps â€Å"should extend beyond the limits of the pig trap to the boundaries of the pigging station† (Cloyde, 2011). The design must go with the part of the pipeline measurements. Pig traps with mechanical design must match or exceed the design pressure. In addition, it must also have similar design features, compatible type of materials, apply similar design codes, and conform to temperature req uirements just like the section of the pipeline it serves. Dimensionally, a pig trap must relate to the type of pigging in a section of the pipeline it shall serve. This must take into account the line size of the pipeline and the length of the barrel. The design must be able to resist pressure as it allows inserting and receiving of pigs. Pigs are heavy. Thus, it is necessary to consider internal pressure for safety of the system and workers. Pig Trap Design Code Designers usually use international standards and measurements like ASME. The standard codes include â€Å"B31.4, B31.3, B31.8, PD5500, EN13445, and AS2885† (Mohitpour, Szabo and Hardeveld, 2005). These pig traps fit at the end of the pipeline just like extensions. Thus, trap designs can also fit vessel codes. However, this may create mechanical problems where vessels have thick diameters. This implies that the design must conform to the pipeline and trap ends and must be the same as codes for both ends. In all thes e strategies, designs must ensure that loading and receiving process remain safe to the user and the pipeline.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pipeline Installation Elements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Design Pressure The design pressure must serve as a basis for determining the thickness of the wall of pipeline and pig traps. It is extremely dangerous to use design pressure, which is below the pressure of the pipeline. It is imperative to consider standard design pressure from ASME and ANSI that provide pressure and temperature guidelines. The designers must subject such materials to hydrostatic pressure tests of 1.25 times more than the design pressure to ensure their safety. However, the code has a significant influence on the design pressure of pig traps. The designer must also ensure extra precaution due to the nature of fluids for transportation along these pipelines. Temperature The design must be ab le to withstand maximum temperature of the fluid. In addition, the design must also take into account both minimum and maximum temperature of the pipeline section and the area. Materials The choices of materials depend on the client’s preferences. However, these materials must conform to safety standards set by regulating authorities. Further, such choices must also conform to materials of pipelines and meet the design requirements of the pipeline. Therefore, designers can only use cost effective and safe materials for installations. At the same time, such products must also be able to withstand reactions from the fluid under transportation. In this light, the designer must consider both metallic and elastomeric materials for the installation. Selection of materials must also consider other properties relating to chemical, mechanical characteristics, and weld capabilities. External loading activities require nozzles for attaching the pipe. Thus, the design must also take into consideration effects of external pressure resulting from such activities with regard to the location of the pipeline such as sub-sea.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are sections of the pipeline that may require frequent pigging activities. Under such cases, the designers must also account for fatigue on the pipeline. They must also consider other factors related to load of the fluid, seismic load, and friction. Designers must also consider other factor related to the location of the pipeline section, ease of accessibility, and environmental conditions. For instance, the designer must consider risks inherent for sub-sea pipelines and offer additional protection for valves. Pig traps need adequate space. They must also never be near open flames or sources of ignition. In this case, rules of companies regarding the type of powered gadget allowed near the installation must apply. Designers must ensure maximum care in offshore areas where horizontal space may not be adequate. In such a case, there should be adequate workspace close to the closure door to allow for pigging activities. Such activities involve â€Å"loading and unloading long in spections pigs, removal of liquids and debris from the pipeline and into a waste container, installation, and operation of a temporary separator among others† (Cloyde, 2011). The layout design must ensure that valves are accessible through different means. In this case, the operator does not need to gain access to closure door in order to perform any activity on the valve. Designers must also consider safe and efficient operation of the pig trap by taking into account â€Å"the orientation of the barrel at the pigging station† (Cloyde, 2011). Therefore, all systems must have adequate space for routine operation and maintenance activities. The closure door must never face other equipment or place where people may meet. This is necessary to avoid accidents in which pigs can shoot out and cause damages to equipment and people. Designers must pay special attention to the barrel or the oversized section of the pipeline. The designers must also install dip trays in order to a void cases of contamination resulting from servicing activities. Offshore systems must have facilities for loading and offloading heavy materials. Such tools are necessary to locate large pigs into their positions during installations. Operation The energy industry is also conscious of the environment. Therefore, activities involved in the pig trap must not cause harm to the environment. Operators must take care to minimise effects of fluids in the atmosphere or water (Goodland, 2005). Operation of the pig trap involves launching, sending, and receiving pigs. Maintenance Pig traps require regular maintenance to ensure efficiency and proper function of traps. Maintenance of the pig trap involves piggability assessments and trap assessments (Cordell, 2003). Figure 1: Pig trap Block valves Block valves stop the flow of the fluid in one or more directions. Other people consider block valves as tools, which can allow or prevent the flow of fluid without restriction. This may not require a single way valve. In fact, designers prefer gate valves for such purposes. Operators can fully open or close the valve. In this case, block valves are â€Å"useful for separating a section of the pipeline for maintenance† (Daniel Emerson, 2011). Design Gate valves are easy to use because they do not need a lot of force to surmount the pressure and friction from the pipeline. This is because their design systems allow the blocking end to move in a crosswise manner against the fluid. Gate valves also have small sections in the sealing parts. These rings are dependable and prevent any possible leakages. Gate valves are popular because of the following reasons: Hydraulic resistance is negligible Do not allow reverse flows the fluid Suitable for viscous fluids Designers also take into account factors like effects of pressure, chemicals, temperature, and pressure of the fluid on the valve. They also consider material components of the valves together with driving features. The followings are also important when selecting gate valves: Ability to resist the weather Ability to prevent any leakage Ability to resist extreme forces that may cause bending Ability to meet seismic requirements Operation The block valve can control flow of fluid in either direction. Designers provide three various methods of controlling block valves. These methods include local, remote, and automatic. However, it is the extent of the leak and volumes of release, which determine the method of controlling gate valves. Layout Designers must put block values at pipeline sections where they can provide optimal control of spills and maintenance. Spacing considerations between block valves are also important for onshore pipelines. The aim should be to control flows between adjacent valves. Categories of block valves include. Manual gate values, which are in the check valve sections and locally operated. They ensure positive isolation of the fluid. Remote gate valves are useful in oil and gas pipelines for protection during accidental failures or damages on the pipeline. Station block valves are usually near the pump station to separate fluids from the pump stations during for emergency cases. They are in both the inlet (fluid suction) and outside (fluid discharge) of the pipeline. Maintenance Block valves require constant and scheduled maintenance. Block valves need synthetic lubricants and sealant systems. Generally, new valves require constant monitoring than other valves, which have been in operation for over a year. The maintenance requires constant lubrication in order to lessen the break out torque when in use. Lubrication must spread to the valves gate slabs and seats. Regular adjustments are necessary to ensure that valves have the correct seat seal (Tiratsoo, 2007). Figure 2: Block valve Offtakes Offtakes are within the distribution and transmission systems. It has a number of gadgets for filtering and managing pressure. At the same time, it performs measurement and ‘odourisation’ of the fluid in order to allow for remote operation of the flow of the fluid. Within the pipeline, an offtake can be a vessel or pipeline transferring fluid from one section to another or to a larger pipeline. Design The designers must ensure that offtakes do not lower the pressure of the pipeline channels. Therefore, designers must consider both internal and external measurements, materials used and the length of the pipeline. We can only determine efficiency and flow of the fluid by using internal measurements, length, pressure at the ends, fluid characteristics, temperature, and elevation of the pipe from the ground. For safety reasons, the gas from the pipeline system at offtakes must have the minimum pressure. Designers of offtakes must consider some factors that include: Maximum pressure Maximum temperature Diameter of the header Fluid for transportation Both hot and cold tie-in Available offtake equipment Offtakes Layout and Opera tion The designers must ensure that offtakes have compression stations comprising of enough branches with the mainline. Offtakes require real-time monitoring and performance of analysis using computer systems with high capacities. Companies normally use SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) to monitor and plan their offtake systems (Tobin, 2007). The designers must ensure that the gas maintains its pressure as it travels throughout the system. In most cases, the pressure of the gas may drop and reduce the pressure. Thus, designers must ensure that the pressure in never low to prevent the flow. This is why there are compression stations along the pipeline to ensure that the gas pressure does not drop to unacceptable levels (Busby, 1999). Maintenance The aim of maintaining offtakes is to prevent the gas pressure from falling to low levels, which are risky. Thus, operators must ensure that they clear any debris restricting the flow of fluids. Figure 3: Offtakes Compressor S tations The aim of a compressor station along the pipeline is to enhance pressure of the fluid. It uses gas turbines to build pressure for transporting the fluid to the next compressor station. Thus, it increases transmission capacity of the pipeline. Compressor stations provide the necessary force for the gas to overcome friction so that the fluid can maintain the rate of flow and pressure. Compressor Station Design and Layout Designers must consider several factors for compressor stations. Selection Selection of materials must consider standard specifications for safety, performance, and life of the system. Control Systems The compressor station has four levels of control systems. Supervisory Station Driver and driven components Auxiliary control systems Safety of the Compressor Station Operators must consider safety concerns related to fire detection equipment, gas leakages, and safety of the relief valves. Layout The layout of the compressor station consists of the following. Scrubbers that stop fluid from entering the compressor Blow down valves and relief systems By-pass lines Cooler to control temperature of the gas and discharge temperatures The designers also consider the following factors for the entire compressor station. The size of the compressor and its drivers and driving components Climatic conditions of the area in which the pipeline section lies Accessibility of support services Accountability for regulatory requirements involving safety and environmental concerns Human occupancy Designers may build the station using different techniques involving series, parallel, or a combination of these approaches ( Mokhatab, Santos and Cleveland, 2007). Operation Compressor stations rely on automatic processes for their operation. Consequently, there are only minimal human interventions. In this case, facility operators must ensure maximum adherence to manufactures’ safety and operational requirements. However, operation activities of the st ation must consider load of the fluid (Kurz, Lubomirsky and Klaus, 2012). Operators must engage in continuous monitoring of the station, regulate the mixing activities at the compressor, and ensure efficiency of the system. They must also keep data in every station. The control systems also have capabilities of remote control of shut-off valves. However, the sensitive areas require ESD controller (emergency shutdown). This is useful for controlling valves and enabling timely reactions to cases of fire or gas detection. Operators must also note that the main control systems may experience outage due to maintenance or failure. Thus, the system must be under constant surveillance. Compressor station has three types of shutdown. Unit shutdown restartable (USR) reacts in cases where there are low suction or high temperature, pressure, speed, and high pressure of discharge. Unit shutdown lockout (USL) shows that the station has a mechanical problem from failure of the lube components, hi gh vibration, and temperature. Emergency shutdown is applicable in cases where stations compromise safety of the people. This may result from fire or gas detection. Customer emergency shutdown (ESD) results from failure of the seal components and value failures. Maintenance Compressor stations must have a regular monitoring and major changes to their components. Maintenance ensures that the station is safe, works well, and achieves long life. Maintenance of the station must focus on the following areas. General cleanliness of the structure and ground of the station Monitoring of valves and piping of the station Monitoring gas cooler sensors to ensure efficiency Ensuring safety of equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire and gas detection systems, first aid materials, and other protective gears Ensuring regular maintenance of tanks because of their components of solid sludge There should also be regular maintenance of the compressor engine to avoid failure of its blades Figure 4: Compressor station Conclusion Pipeline installation must ensure maximum safety of the people and the environment. This depends on the recommend materials, sizes, maintenance routines, and control of failures detected. At the same time, the design consideration of pipeline installation also ensures that the pipeline operates smoothly and remains safe to users and nearby facilities and people. Reference List Busby, L. (1999). Natural Gas in Non Technical Language. Pennwell: Institute of Gas Technology. Cloyde, C 2011, ‘Pig Trap Design and Assessment Considerations’, Pipeline and Gas Journal, vol. 238 no. 1, pp. 1-6. Cordell, J 2003, Pipeline Pigging Handbook, Clarion Technical Publishers, Houston, TX. Daniel Emerson 2011, Product Datasheet 2011, https://www.emerson.com/documents/automation/user-manual-models-762-763-765-766-gas-loaded-relief-back-pressure-valves-2-to-16-inch-en-55700.pdf Goodland, R 2005, Oil and Gas Pipelines Social and Environmental Impact Assessment , International Association of Impact Assessment, Fargo, ND. Kurz, R, Lubomirsky, M and Brun, K 2012, ‘Gas Compressor Station Economic Optimization’, nternational Journal of Rotating Machinery, vol. 2012, pp. 1-9. Mohitpour, M, Szabo, J and Hardeveld, T 2005, Pipeline operation maintenance: a practical approach, ASME Press, New York. Mokhatab, S, Santos, S and Cleveland, T 2007, ‘Compressor station design criteria’, Pipeline Gas Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-15. Tiratsoo, J 2007, Pipeline integrity. The Journal of Pipeline Engineering, vol. 6 no. 4, pp. 1-84. Tobin, J 2007 Natural Gas Compressor Stations on the Interstate Pipeline Network: Developments Since 1996, Energy Information Administration: Office of Oil and Gas, Washington, DC. This essay on Pipeline Installation Elements was written and submitted by user Gerardo Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.